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The Boeing photocathode accelerator magnetic pulse compression and energy recovery experiment [electronic resource].

An 18 MeV, photocathode accelerator operating at 433 MHz is being commissioned for FEL applications. The accelerator consists of a two-cell RF photocathode imjector followed by four new multicell cavities. The two cell injector has previously been operated at a micropulse repetition frequency of 27 MHz, a micropulse charge of 5 nC and 25% duty factor.

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A proposed visible FEL Facility at Boeing [electronic resource].

A 1-kW average power, visible wavelength FEL is described, based on a 120-MeV, 0.1. A macropulse average current linac operating at a duty factor of 0. 6% and having average beam power of 70 kW. The accelerator will employ a demonstrated photoinjector, 18-MeV, 433-MHz linac as an injector, followed by a 1300-MHz longitudinal phase space {open_quotes} linearizer, {close_quotes} a magnetic buncher chicane, and seven 1300-MHz, pulsed traveling wave linac sections. The magnets used to transport the beam from the linac to the FEL centerline, the 5-m THUNDER wiggler, and the optical resonator will be reclaimed from previous FEL demonstration experiments. We expect to attain pulse lengths of 7 ps for 3.5 nC, with minimal distortion of the pulse profile and normalized rms emittance of 7.5 ± 2.5 π mm-mr. FELEX projects a laser conversion efficiency of 4.3 %, yielding average output of 3 kW.

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Lifelong education

The nature of education has changed radically throughout the world. It is a lifelong process in which the most learning happens in the post-school years, outside the traditional educational institutions. The human life cycles have shifted their boundaries, technology is progressing and the social demand for education is continually expanding. This study elucidates these changes by bringing together 17 contributions, drawn from many countries, that address a wide range of issues, including changing patterns of employment, the interrelationship between education and social structures, differing views on the role of the state, and the emergence of a "biographical" approach, in which education becomes a process of shaping one's own life story. The contributions analyze the various patterns of lifelong education within different national contexts, from Sweden to sub-Saharan Africa, from Argentina to Poland.