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  1. Concrete block walls

    London : Cement and Concrete Association, 1954.

  2. Air blast effects on concrete walls [electronic resource].

    Argonne, Ill. : Argonne National Laboratory ; Oak Ridge, Tenn. : distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1976

    The effects of airblast due to explosive detonation in close proximity of a concrete wall are investigated analytically. Estimates are obtained both for the spalling of the back-face of the concrete wall and for the overall wall response produced by the total impulsive load of the air blast. Assuming elastic wave propagation in the concrete wall, it is found that as spall thickness increases the spall velocity decreases. This holds for normal as well as oblique wave incidence on the back-face of the wall. Therefore, for debris which has significant mass, the ejection velocity produced by spalling action alone is quite moderate. Plastic yield-line analysis of the wall segment subjected to the impulsive loading of the air blast indicates that for sufficiently large explosions substantial displacements and peak velocities can occur in typical shield walls. Thus for close-in explosions severe wall damage and/or breaching should be expected. Also coupling between spallation and the gross wall motion is possible. This occurs when debris produced by spalling action is ejected at high velocities by the rapid wall motion.

    Online OSTI

  3. Measurements of short-pulse propagation through concrete walls [electronic resource].

    Washington, D.C. : United States. Dept. of Energy. ; Oak Ridge, Tenn. : distributed by the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Energy, 1995

    The authors recently performed a series of experimental measurements of transient electromagnetic (EM) propagation through two different concrete walls. Several different short-duration pulses were used for the incident radiation, with frequency content from VHF to 20 GHz. Both walls were 30 cm thick, with three internal layers of reinforcing steel bars. For this particular set of data, the incident wave polarization was vertical linear only. Corroborating swept-frequency measurements were made with a vector network analyzer. This paper describes the propagation measurements through the two walls, and the propagation model of a lossy dielectric layer. They also examine the transfer function, dielectric constant, loss tangent, attenuation constant, and time-domain impulse response of these walls. The attenuation increases steadily with frequency, and is a strong function of the moisture content of the concrete. The time-domain pulse attenuation and dispersion are consistent with the lowpass-filtering effect of this attenuation loss vs. frequency. The time domain behavior will be very useful in time-domain radar studies of ground-penetrating radar, free-space layered measurement systems, etc.

    Online OSTI

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  1. Germany

    National Geographic Society (U.S.). Cartographic Division
    1978

    Relief shown by shading and spot heights. Soundings in fathoms. Map shows administrative divisions, roads, railroads, pipelines, oil fields, and ca...

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