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Taking Stock of Wholesale Power Markets In Developing Countries [electronic resource] : A Literature Review
Rudnick, HughWashington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2018.Although many developing countries have yet to meet the considerable prerequisites for establishing wholesale power markets, a significant minority of larger middle-income countries have introduced diverse markets in the past 25 years. Cost-based pools proved particularly popular in Latin America and look to be a more straightforward starting point than the bid-based pools adopted in some other jurisdictions. Successful design of power markets involves paying careful attention to four guiding principles. First, trading arrangements must ensure efficient and reliable operation of the market, efficiently employing available resources not only to balance aggregate supply and demand, but also to allow congestion management and supply ancillary services. Second, market design should ensure strong participation of the demand side of the market, by allowing large customers to participate directly in the market, and medium ones to see spot market prices through time-of-use tariffs. Third, open access to the power grid should be guaranteed through industry restructuring, removal of barriers to entry of different players, and establishment of a neutral system operator. Fourth, a workable framework for supply adequacy is required to ensure capacity meets demand without imposing supply constraints. This may entail complementing efficient energy price signals with other mechanisms (such as auctions and capacity obligations) to provide adequate incentives for investment in new generation capacity. Experience demonstrates that the early stages of establishing power markets can be challenging and necessitate the creation of regulatory mechanisms for market monitoring that can identify and address emerging design flaws, particularly for abuses of market power. Countries not yet ready to introduce wholesale power markets may still benefit from several emerging regional power markets. Looking ahead, the design of power markets is becoming increasingly complex due to the challenges posed by disruptive technologies such as variable renewable energy, large-scale storage, and increasingly sophisticated demand-side participation.
Online World Bank eLibrary
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The economic effects of labour immigration in developing countries [electronic resource]: A literature review
Böhme, Marcus H..Paris : OECD Publishing, 2017.This paper reviews existing theoretical and empirical evidence on the economic effects of immigration in developing countries. Specifically, it discusses how immigration may affect labour market, entrepreneurship, human capital, productivity, economic growth, the exchange rate, trade, prices, public finance and public goods in host countries. As the majority of the relevant literature has traditionally focused on the experience of high-income countries, the review highlights the unique context of developing countries and elaborates how outcomes may be similar or differ in low and middle-income countries. A general conclusion is that the economic effects of immigration to developing countries, a numerically important phenomenon, warrants additional theoretical and empirical research.
Online OECD iLibrary
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Taking Stock of the Impact of Power Utility Reform in Developing Countries [electronic resource] : A Literature Review
Bacon, RobertWashington, D.C. : The World Bank, 2018.This paper reviews recent literature on the impacts of various components of power sector reform on the performance of electric utilities in developing countries. Recent literature is heavily focused on statistical testing of the significance of the links between four components of sector reform (unbundling, private sector participation, regulation, and competition) and various performance indicators (relating to utility performance, user outcomes, and broader economic development). Some studies exhibit methodological shortcomings in failing to account for interactions between reforms or degrees of reform; however, others appear to be robust. The strongest result is that the introduction of private sector participation is linked to a significant improvement in labor productivity and distribution losses. Moreover, unbundling reforms in isolation is found to have hardly any significant impact on utility performance. The introduction of an independent regulator or competition is not generally significant across studies. A notable feature of all of the studies is very limited testing of the effects of policy introduction on performance indicators, such as bill collection and the duration and frequency of outages. Poor performance on these indicators of state-owned power companies is well documented and bill collection has been identified as a major hidden cost of unreformed power sectors. The materiality of the impact of private sector participation, on the various performance indictors found to be significant, is calculated for studies that provide sufficient information to do so. The size of the impact of private sector participation on utility performance is substantial in a couple of studies, although much more modest in others.
Online World Bank eLibrary
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