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Bronze Age warfare

Using the surviving evidence of conflict and battle - fortifications, weapons and armour, burials and human remains - this study offers an insight into war and society in Europe during the Bronze Age. The authors seek to understand the role played by aggression and war the prehistoric world. Aiming for a balanced view of warfare, by looking at the range of significant evidence from across Europe, they interpret the wealth of archaeological material to investigate how sites were defended, what weapons were used, how they were used, where fighting took place, what types of injuries were sustained, how warriors were treated in death, how warfare was represented, and what role it played in ancient European societies. The text reviews the research in the field and describes the sometimes controversial interpretations that have led to rapid advances in our understanding of society and conflict in the ancient world.

Living with the Royal Academy : artistic ideals and experiences in England, 1768-1848

Living with the Royal Academy: Artistic Ideals and Experiences in England, 1768-1848 offers a range of case studies which consider individual artists' personal, professional and artistic relationships with the Royal Academy during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth-centuries, bringing together the research of leading historians of British artistic culture during this period.Over its introduction and nine essays, this collection considers the Academy as a lived organism whose most effective role, following its establishment in 1768, was as a reference point towards, around and against which artists operated in their relationships with each other and with artistic practice itself. In so doing, this collection also considers the relationship between Academic ideals and individual practice (as well as lived experience) during this period of art's increasingly public manifestation at the Academy. Individual artists examined include Joshua Reynolds, Joseph Wright of Derby, Benjamin West and William Etty. Thinking beyond the dichotomy of loyalism and rebellion - and complicating notions of the Academy as a monolithic ossifying institution from which progressive artists would be 'liberated' in the wake of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood's emergence in 1848 - this volume investigates the Academy's varied impact upon the lives, experiences and ideals of its diverse artistic communities.

Urban industrial change : the causes of the urban-rural contrast in manufacturing employment trends