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The rule of violence : subjectivity, memory and government in Syria
Ismail, SalwaCambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, 2018."Over much of its rule, the Syrian regime of Hafez al-Asad and his successor, Bashar al-Asad, used violence on a massive scale, deploying disproportionate physical and destructive force to silence its critics and opponents. Indeed, the regime, as constituted under the al-Asads, has as its nucleus not only the figures occupying the top rung of political office, but also the apparatuses of violence, in particular the security services and elite military units. This security regime (al-nidham al-amni) has consistently acted in ways that convey the message that violence is the primary and organising modality of action in dealing with domestic opposition. The extent and scope of killing and destruction mounted by the security and military forces over approximately 40 years of al-Asad regime rule has made manifest a politics of extermination and annihilation as integral to the form of rule in Syria. Rather than betraying an irrational approach to government, this violence is governmental, not in the sense of being merely repressive, but as productive and performative--as shaping regime-citizen relations and forming political subjectivities"--Over much of its rule, the regime of Hafez al-Asad and his successor Bashar al-Asad deployed violence on a massive scale to maintain its grip on political power. In this book, Salwa Ismail examines the rationalities and mechanisms of governing through violence. In a detailed and compelling account, Ismail shows how the political prison and the massacre, in particular, developed as apparatuses of government, shaping Syrians' political subjectivities, defining their understanding of the terms of rule and structuring their relations and interactions with the regime and with one another. Examining ordinary citizens' everyday life experiences and memories of violence across diverse sites, from the internment camp and the massacre to the family and school, The Rule of Violence demonstrates how practices of violence, both in their routine and spectacular forms, fashioned Syrians' affective life, inciting in them feelings of humiliation and abjection, and infusing their lived environment with dread and horror. This form of rule is revealed to be constraining of citizens' political engagement, while also demanding of their action.
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Le cauchemar syrien
Dalle, Ignace[Paris] : Fayard, [2016]"Depuis le début de l'année 2011, le monde entier assiste, révolté, impuissant, voire indifférent, à l'un des conflits les plus barbares depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Avec 25o 000 morts, des centaines de milliers de blessés, des millions de réfugiés et d'innombrables villes et villages en ruine, la Syrie vit un véritable cauchemar. Incapables de ramener à la raison un dictateur prêt à tout pour se maintenir au pouvoir, réticents à fournir à l'opposition modérée l'assistance militaire qu'elle réclamait, les pays occidentaux et d'autres acteurs régionaux se montrent de plus en plus réceptifs aux sirènes de Moscou sans qui le régime de Bachar al-Assad aurait sombré depuis longtemps. Aujourd'hui, l'attention du monde entier se détourne de la barbarie du clan Assad pour se focaliser sur celle des djihadistes de l'État islamique. Des voix s'élèvent même pour estimer que ce pouvoir à bout de souffle "pourrait être utile" dans la guerre contre Daech. Ce livre se propose d'expliquer comment le régime de Bachar al-Assad est parvenu à se maintenir au pouvoir grâce au soutien indéfectible des Iraniens et des Russes. Indifférents aux drames de 20 millions de Syriens, Moscou et Téhéran défendent leurs intérêts dans la région et ont beau jeu de rappeler les fautes multiples commises dans le passé par Washington et certains pays du Golfe largement responsables de l'essor du djihadisme."--Page 4 of cover.
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War-torn : the unmaking of Syria, 2011-2021
Vignal, LeïlaNew York, NY : Oxford University Press, [2021]Online Oxford Scholarship Online
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