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1. Private copying

   Karapapa, Stavroula

   London ; New York : Routledge, 2012.

   "The scope and legitimacy of private copying is one of the most highly contested issues in digital copyright. While private copying was practiced in the analogue world too, it was tolerated due to its minimal impact and to the difficulties related to its monitoring. Yet, its permissibility is ambiguous in the digital environment; this is because digitalisation has enabled ordinary individuals to make and share copies of copyrighted works easily, for no cost and with no degradation in terms of quality. Scholars and lawmakers stress the decisive role of private copying in striking an adequate balance between the freedom to use copyrighted works and the protection of the rightholders' interests in the digital world. In Europe, private copying is explicitly permitted under Article 5(2)(b) of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society and the national laws that implement it. Despite being a lawful activity in the great majority of European Member States, digital private copying remains a highly controversial phenomenon and the scope of digital private copying remains legally unclear. This book offers an original analysis of private copying and determines the actual scope of private copying as an area of end-user freedom in the digital world. In particular, it examines the permissibility of digital private copying with a view to clarify the legal uncertainty as to its scope. The basis of this examination is Article 5(2)(b) of the Information Society Directive. Under this Article, the use of copyrighted works ought to be 'private' and 'non-commercial' to be permitted; these concepts, however, do not translate well, and tend to be less sharp, in the digital environment. Even though their meaning seems clear and self-evident, their legal boundaries are in practice very vague and not settled by law"--This book offers an original analysis of private copying and determines its actual scope as an area of end-user freedom. The basis of this examination is Article 5(2)(b) of the Copyright Directive. Despite the fact that copying for private and non-commercial use is permitted by virtue of this article and the national laws that implemented it, there is no mandate that this privilege should not be technologically or contractually restricted. Because the legal nature of private copying is not settled, users may consider that they have a 'right' to private copying, whereas rightholders are in position to prohibit the exercise of this 'right'. With digital technology and the internet, this tension has become prominent: the conceptual contours of permissible private copying, namely the private and non-commercial character of the use, do not translate well, and tend to be less clear in the digital context. With the permissible limits of private copying being contested and without clarity as to the legal nature of the private coping limitation, the scope of user freedom is being challenged. Private use, however, has always remained free in copyright law. Not only is it synonymous with user autonomy via the exhaustion doctrine, but it also finds protection under privacy considerations which come into play at the stage of copyright enforcement. The author of this book argues that the rationale for a private copying limitation remains unaltered in the digital world and maintains there is nothing to prevent national judges from interpreting the legal nature of private copying as a 'sacred' privilege that can be enforced against possible restrictions. Private Copying will be of particular interest to academics, students and practitioners of intellectual property law.

2. Copying technique

   Fraprie, Frank Roy, 1874-1951

   Boston, Mass., American photographic publishing co., 1940.

   Online Full text via HathiTrust

3. Copying manuscripts

   Saint Paul, Minnesota Historical Society, 1935.

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1. Copyright guidance

2. Software Licensed by the Science Library

3. German Stammbücher or Libri amicorum at Stanford Libraries

4. African Literature Online

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1. Olmsted plans and drawings, 6 plans [copies]

   Olmsted, Frederick Law, 1870-1957

   1887

   237A - sketch of quad arcade [color print]; 237B - sketch of inner quad bldgs; 237C - map of central premises [same as our Print 26]; 237D - sketch...

2. Copy of plate of Kenosha harbor, Wisconsin

   United States. Army. Corps of Topographical Engineers

   Relief shown by hachures. Depths shown by soundings.|33 x 51 centimeters|Scale 1:1,200; 1 inch = 100 feet|City Maps

3. Copy of the survey made May 21st, 1696

   Graham, Augustus

   1696

   Oriented with north to the right. "Lith. of A. Brown & Co., 47 Nassau St. N.Y. for Henry McCloskey's Manual, for 1863." Issued in: Manual of the Co...